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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2023 with funding from 
Columbia University Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/sketchofarcotmisOOcham 


HONYWAANOD AYOLNAD HLAILNAML 


SMe ICilal 


OFS THE 


ARCOT MISSION 


BY 


Rev. JACOB CHAMBERLAIN; M.D., D.D. 


WITH MAP AND ILLUSTRATIONS 


BoarD oF Foretcn Missions, R. C, A, 
25 EAST 22D STREET, NEW YORK. 


1902, 


THE ARCOT MISSION. 


THE COUNTRY IN WHICH IT IS ; 

THE FIELD WHICH THE ARCOT MISSION WORKS ; 

Its CLIMATE, PRODUCTIONS AND ANIMAL LIFES ; 

THE PEOPLE, LANGUAGES AND RELIGIONS ; 

THE FOUNDING AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MISSION; 

THE AGENCIES HMPLOYED ; 

THE RisuLts So Far ATTAINED, AND THE PLANT 
SECURED ; 

THE PERSONNEL, AND ACTIVITINS AT EACH STATION 
IN 1901-2 ; 

THE ,QUTLOOK. 


PRESS OF 
E, SCOTT COMPANY 
146 WEST 23D ST. 
NEW YORK 


hibeAKRCOT MISSION OF THE REFORMED 
Gavi ChatINea MER IGA 


if, 
ADISND) COWUNMMIR NE TONS YAM KONEL Ian NSS, 


from Cape Comorin, the southern point of India, there 
extends northward for 1,200 miles, nearly parallel with 
the coast of the Sea of Arabia, and from forty to sixty 
miles distant from it, the range of mountains known as 
the Western Ghats, varying in height from 3,000 to 8,700 
feet above the level of the sea. Two hundred miles north 
of the cape there iS a gap, some thirty miles wide, 
through which the Madras Railway runs to the western 
coast. 

North of this gap the range divides, and what are 
called the Eastern Ghats, a broken range of from 2,000 
to 3,000 feet high, run off to the northeast, until, some 
forty miles north of Madras, and 400 north of Cape Co- 
morin, they approach within forty miles of the Bay of 
Bengal and follow up its coast, at a less or greater dis- 
tance, to within 100 miles of Calcutta. Here they turn 
sharp to the west, and, crossing India once more, rejoin 
the Western Ghats in Rajputana, leaving the Gangetic 
valley to the north. 

The triangle thus formed between the western and 
eastern Ghats consists chiefly of a plateau some 2,000 
feet or more above the sea. In this are the native king- 
doms of Mysore and Hyderabad, and also portions of 
the Madras and Bombay Presidencies and of the Central 
Provinces. The plateau is itself broken up by smaller 
ranges of mountains and deep valleys and rivers, nearly 
all of which find their way through the gorges in the 
Eastern Ghats and flow into the Bay of Bengal. 

Extending from Cape Comorin north and east, lying 
between the Western Ghats on the west, the EHast- 
ern Ghats on the north, and the Bay of Bengal on the 
east, is the great triangular plain of the Madras Presi- 
dency. It is some 400 miles north and south and 200 
east and west at the widest. 


6 Tue Arcot Mission, 


This extended plain is, however, diversified by many 
rocky hills or mountains which rise solitary, like huge 
hay stacks, or in groups, or small ranges, so that one can 
hardly find a spot in the whole of the vast plain where 
there are not hills of 500 to 1,500 feet high in sight, thus 
differing essentially from American prairies. 

The soil varies greatly. From Cape Comorin for some 
distance north is a vast sand plain; then a stretch of 
black cotton soil; then vast regions of red clayey soil. 
There are also large regions of stiff yellow clay and rocks 
on which nothing will grow. Not one hundredth part of 
the area is capable of cultivation by irrigation, and only 
on a moiety of the land can ‘dry crops” be raised, as 
those are called which are raised without irrigation dur- 
ing and following the monsoons. Hundreds of thou- 
sands of acres scattered everywhere can only be used 
for pasturage and during the long dry seasons only 
a goat can find anything edible on them. 

There is little or no marshy land in all this great plain, 
There is plenty of ‘jungle,’ but it is mostly the clay, 
rocky and dry part spoken of above. For a jungle in 
India only three things are requisite. It must be unin- 
habited, uncultivated and covered with a woody growth, 
either of bushes, shrubs or trees. It may be wet or dry, 
level or hilly; it is a jungle all the same. 

From Madras this plain continues nearly 700 miles 
northward as a narrow strip between the Eastern Ghats 
and the Bay of Bengal, until the boundary of the Ben- 
gal Presidency is reached in Orissa. 

The Presidency of Madras is thus over 1,000 miles long 
on the Bay of Bengal, and is 350 miles wide, at its widest 
point, between the bay and the Arabian Sea. It has a 
population, including the Native States embraced in it, 
as per the new census, of 48,117,528 people. All India 
is some 2,000 miles long from south to north, and 1,800 
miles wide, from the Chinese boundary to Afghanistan, 
and is the home of 294,362,676 of the human race, being 
one-half the size of the United States proper and con- 
taining four times its whole population, or more than 
one-sixth of the whole human family. 

The people not homogeneous. There are more dis- 
tinct people and languages in India than in all Eu- 


THE Arcot Mission, 7 


rope. This will not be wondered at so much when we 
remember that India is in itself larger than all Hurope, 
excluding that part of the Russian Enpire which falls in 
Europe, and has a larger population than the whole of 
Europe, again excluding European Russia. The different 
peoples of India are, indeed, as distinct from one another 
ethnologically and linguistically, as the Englishman from 
the Italian or the Frenchman from the Norwegian. The 
mistake is often made of thinking of India as one people, 
one nation. It is rather a conglomeration of races, lan- 
guages, nationalities, but now, in God’s good providence, 
mostly under Britain’s beneficent sway. 


10g 
THE FIELD WHICH THE ARCOT MISSION WORKS. 


The field worked by the Arcot Mission lies mostly in the 
northernmost part of the great triangular Madras plain, 
but reaches up also to the adjacent plateau above the 
Eastern Ghats. It begins on the Indian Ocean, or Bay of 
Bengal, sixty miles south of the city of Madras and 
reaches along the seacoast southward to the French pos- 
session of Pondicherry, 315 miles north of Cape Comorin. 
From that as a base it extends northwesterly inland 190 
miles, varying in width from forty to ninety miles. 

It comprises two taluks (counties) in the South Arcot 
district (state); ten taluks in that of North Arcot; 
The Punganur Zemindary (native state); two taluks 
in the Cuddapah district, and one taluk and more 
in the Mysore kingdom, in all, sixteen taluks, or coun- 
ties. It has an area of 9,204 square miles, and a popu- 
lation of 3,014,352. 

Of these sixteen counties, the two in South Arcot and 
nine of those in North Arcot are on the before mentioned 
plain at the foot of the Hastern Ghats. North Arcot, 
the two in Cuddapah, the one in Mysore, and the Pun- 
ganur Zemindary are on the plateau above the Eastern 
Ghats, and are some 2,000 feet above the sea. 

About ten and a half of the taluks on the plain are oc- 
cupied by Tamil speaking people. Half a taluk on the 


8 Tue Arcor MISssION, 


plain, and all of those above the Ghats are occupied by 
Telugu speaking people. We have thus: 


Taluks. Area. Population. Language. 
10% D9 Sd.) ma. 2,067,475 Tamil. 
516 3,613 SQ. am: 946,877 Telugu. 
16 9,204 sq. m. 3,014,352—Totals. 


Size and Shape. The Arcot Mission field is thus about 
the size of the states of New Jersey and Delaware to- 
gether, with a population more than one-half larger than 
theirs. There are nearly one-fourth more Tamil speak- 
ing people than the population of New Jersey, and four 
times as many Telugus as the population of Delaware. 

For the bringing of all these into the kingdom of 
Jesus Christ is the Reformed Church of America re- 
sponsible, for it is practically the only mission body 
working in this field. 

This field is about the shape of a man’s right foot, 
the heel of which rests against the sea at Pondicheri'y, 
the foot reaching up northwest 190 miles, with Tindi- 
vanam under the heel; Arni under the instep; Vellore, 
Gudiyatam, Ranipettai and Chittoor under the portion 
from the instep to the ball; Palmaner under the ball of 
the great toe, and Madanapalle under the toes expanded 
90 miles miles from east to west. 

Besides these stations, and outside of this compact field, 
is the Nilgiri mountain station at Coonoor. This is 250 
miles west at an elevation of nearly 6,000 feet above 
the sea. 

Railways. The two great railways of South India run 
through the Arcot Mission in a very convenient way. The 
“Madras Railway” from Madras to the West Coast and 
to Bombay cuts across the mission from east to west, run- 
ning near to Ranipettai, Vellore and Gudiyatam on to 
Coonoor on the mountains. The ‘South India Railway,”’ 
coming up from Tuticorin, the landing port from Colombo, 
runs through the whole length of the mission, from south- 
east to northwest, and on or near it are Tindivanam, 
Arni, Vellore, Katpadi, (the junction with the Madras 
Railway), Chittoor, Pakala, Piler, Vayalpad, Madan- 
apalle and many outstations of the mission. These rail- 


Tue Arcot Mission 9 


ways built since the establishment of our mission, are a 
very great help to us in our work, and save much valuable 
time formerly expended in traveling with oxen, in 
going from station to station, and in visiting our 157 
village congregations and 147 village day schools, besides 
our extensive preaching tours among non-Christians. 
They also lessen our expenses, for we used to pay three 
to four cents a mile to travel with bullocks, but by rail- 
way, second-class, the fare is one cent a mile. 


JUL. 
CLIMATE, PRODUCTIONS AND ANIMAL LIFE. 


Vellore, the geographical center of the mission, is in 
latitude 12 degrees 50 minutes north, as much farther 
south than Tampa, Florida, as that is south of Boston, 
Mass. It is just about the latitude of Nicaragua Lake. 

The Tamil portion of the mission varies in height 
above the sea from 50 feet in parts of the Tindivanam 
taluk, to 900 or more in parts of the Chittoor and Gudi- 
yatam taluks. 

The temperature from March to October ranges from 
80° to 110° in the shade and rises to 150° or 160° in the sun, 
necessitating the avoidance, aS much as possible, of ex- 
posure to the sun and requiring that we do much of our 
traveling by night. From November to February it is 
cooler, the thermometer dropping very rarely to 60°. In 
the Telugu part of the mission, above the Eastern Ghats, 
the temperature averages some ten degrees lower, though 
even at Madanapalle it has frequently touched 100° in the 
shade in March. 


Rainy Seasons. There are two rainy seasons or mon- 
soons in the year, in this part of India, June being the 
normal time for the early or lesser rains, and the second 
half of October and November for the latter or heavier. 
Three-fourths of the whole year’s rainfall often comes in 
one month, October 15th to November 15th. These rains 
furnish the water that is stored in the myriad irrigation 
tanks, as the reservoirs in India are called. If the early 
monsoon fails, it means that no summer crops, except 
those irrigated from the last October rains, will be grown, 


10 Tue Arcot MIssIon. 


If the latter fails, it means that not only the very much 
larger cool weather unirrigated crops will fail, but that 
no water will fill the reservoirs and that no irrigation 
crops of rice, ragi or sugar cane will grow. 

Showers do not here fall every week or two throughout 
the year as in America. Often from December to March 
or April there will not be a single shower. Deciduous 
trees lose their leaves in the hot, dry season, and the 
“eool season” is ordinarily the time of the most pro- 
fuse vegetation and for the growing of the most profit- 
able and prolific crops. 


The great heat begins to appear in March and from 
that until June is the intensely dry season. The grass 
disappears entirely from sight, and the roots are dug 
for the sustenance of horses and milch cows, while other 
cattle live on the coarse dry straw of the recent rice 
and ragi cronvs and the stalks of the dwarf sorghum. 
The ground becomes parched like a rock. In the dry 
beds of the tanks, in the fields and in our compounds 
the baked earth opens in cracks and fissures, often three 
inches wide and three to five feet deep. 

The cattie and sheep go panting long distances to find 
water in some tank not vet dried. Furniture in our 
houses cracks and sometimes falls apart. 

Late in May, in a normal season, the advance clouds, 
harbingers of the S. HE. monsoon, begin to appear over the 
Telugu plateau, and slight showers break the tension 
of the hot drought. A few weeks later these begin to 
appear on the Tamil plains, and then the June rains 
fall and tropical verdure gladdens the heart of man and 
beast. 

The morning after the first good rain thousands of 
oxen and plows appear in the broad, unfenced fields, often 
in gangs of six or a dozen following each other, furrow 
by furrow. Thus the scene pictured in the nineteenth 
chapter of I. Kings, of ‘Elisha the son of Shaphat plow- 
ing with twelve yoke of oxen before him, and he with the 
twelfth’ is reproduced here season by season. 


The crors most grown in this region are rice, where 
there is water for irrigation; ragi, or small millet; zonna, 


Tue Arcot Mission. II 


or large millet, and many other varieties of the millet 
family; dwarf sorghum, producing seeds used for food 
for laboring people; beans, of forty varieties, from one- 
sixteenth of an inch to one inch in length, used much 
for food for man and beast, of which the gram, used for 
horses instead of oats, is one variety; oil seeds, of many 
kinds; ground nuts or peanuts, of which shiploads are 
exported to France to be manufactured into excellent 
“Olive oil;’ Indian corn, and here and there a few 
acres of wheat, though this does not do very well 
in this latitude. Sugar cane is found in some parts, 
though it can only be raised where the water supply 
for irrigation can be depended upon throughout the year, 
for it takes nearly eleven months to mature, and must 
be irrigated at least once a week for the whole of that 
time. 

The vegetables most cultivated are egg plant and okra, 
both natives of India; radishes of many varieties, the 
larger ones used for cooking; peppers, green, red and 
black; ginger, used green; onions, garlic, leeks, cucum- 
bers, large, used mostly when ripe and then cooked as 
squash; pumpkins, squashes, gourds and sweet potatoes. 
It is too hot, even on the Telugu plateau, for the Irish 
potato to thrive. European garden vegetables can be 
grown during the cool season. 

The principal fruits of this region are bananas or plan- 
tains, as they are called in India; mangoes, wood apples, 
tamarinds, oranges, limes, pomegranates, custard ap- 
ples, jack or India bread fruit, and papayas, like small 
muskmelons, but growing on trees. Apples, cherries, 
peaches and plums cannot grow in the tropics. 


Animal Life. The domestic animals seen are cattle, 
which often live in the house with the family; milch buf- 
faloes, most ungainly animals, whose milk makes butter 
white as lard; sheep, goats, pigs, wretched specimens, 
kept only by the outcasts; dogs, cats, donkeys, small and 
not good for much, and tats or small native ponies. It is 
too hot for horses to be successfully bred and thrive, and 
only imported ones are found. Oxen and buffaloes are 
almost exclusively used for heavy draft. Camels and 
elephants are not found here. 


12 Tue ArRcoT Mission. 


The wild animals, found chiefly on the Telugu plateau, 
are bears, hyenas, foxes, an occasional wolf, a few Ben- 
gal tigers, striped; cheetahs, or spotted tigers; leopards, 
wild cats, wild boars, elk, deer, antelope. Monkeys, jack- 
als, Squirrels and the mongoose are found everywhere. 

Domestic fowls abound, often having the freedom of 
the house, and living with the family as pets; ducks are 
plentiful in places, but turkeys and geese are rare. 
About the houses and in the towns everywhere are crows 
in myriads; kites, hawks of many kinds, owls, parrots, 
vultures, very useful as scavengers; bats and flying foxes, 
an enormous species of bat. In the jungles are found 
peacocks, jungle fowl and many smaller wild birds. 

Of serpents there are very many, cobras, vipers, rock- 
snakes, black and watersnakes, and fifty other kinds, 
one-half of which are said to be poisonous. Vermin 
are in great number and variety. Scorpions, black, red 
and white are from one to seven inches in length, the 
largest not the most poisonous; tarantulas, centipedes, 
spiders, lizards, ants, black, red and white, are not 
strangers in the houses. The white ants are very de- 
structive to wooden boxes, timbers, clothing and books, 
devouring also dead vegetable or animal fibre, making 
way with many carcasses that might otherwise breed 
pestilence. Indeed almost every kind of disagreeable in- 
sect or animal in India does some good. 

Gnats and eye-flies abound, the latter being a small 
variety of gnat which persistently seeks to suck the 
juices of the eye, and efficiently propagates ophthalmia. 
Mosquitoes, both the innocuous but annoying culex, and 
the pestilential anopheles, are so abundant and persistent 
that in many places mosquito curtains are used the year 
round. Fleas infest even the best European houses at 
certain seasons, while native houses swarm with the 
insect that infests beds. But withal life is not at all 
unbearable, for there are ways of meeting all these pests, 
and indeed one preys upon another. The small house 
lizard destroys flies and other insects and the mongoose 
is a deadly foe to serpents and other reptiles. After a 
time little more attention is paid to the multitudinous 
pests in India than to the few in the home lands. 


THE ArcoT MIssIoNn 13 


IV. 


THE PEOPLE, LANGUAGES AND RELIGIONS. 


When Abraham, at the call of God, was leaving Ur of 
the Chaldees, in the valley of the Huphrates, and migrat- 
ing westward to Canaan to found the Jewish nation, the 
tribes of Central Asia, farthest east, were seized with a 
spirit of migration southward, to find more genial climes 
and richer pastures. 


The Dradivian tribes were among the first to push 
through the mountains of the Himalayan range and en- 
ter India. Not stopping about the Indus and the Ganges 
they pushed on southward and occupied what is now 
Madras Presidency, together with the native kingdoms of 
Hyderabad, Mysore and Tranvancore, and the southern 
portion of Bombay. 

In old Sanscrit literature these immigrants are spoken 
of as the Pancha Dravida, or five Dravidian tribes. Each 
tribe or people was distinct. Hach had its own language, 
customs and tribal organization. They had their distinct 
ethnological peculiarities. They seem, however, to have 
been federated, working in harmony while all seeking for 
new homes in the southland. 

The Tamil tribe was in the forefront and did not rest 
until its advance-guard had reached Cape Comorin at 
the southern extremity of India. They occupied the coun- 
try from that point northward four hundred miles to the 
present site of Madras, and from the Bay of Bengal to 
the Western Ghats. 

To the west of these Western Ghats, between them and 
the sea, the Malayalim tribe found a home, occupying 
what is now the kingdom of Travancore. They are far 
less numerous than the Tamils and are closely allied to 
them. 

North of them, on the Sea of Arabia, and stretching out 
over the modern kingdom of Mysore, the Kanarese tribe 
fixed its abode. They number far more than the Ma- 
layalims but less than the Tamils. 

The Telugu tribe followed after these. They oc- 
cupied the region lying on the Bay of Bengal from 
Madras north to Ganjam, and westward to Mysore, in- 


14 Tue Arcot Mission, 


cluding part of it and the most of Hyderabad. The 
Telugus are the most numerous of all the Dravidian 
peoples, numbering nearly twenty millions, while the 
Tamils come next, numbering some seventeen. 

These Dravidians drove back the scattered aborigines 
into the mountains, where they still exist as detached 
tribes, or reduced them to a species of servitude, in which 
they remain until this day. These are the Pariahs, 
Malas, Madigas and other outcast tribes. 


The Aryans. Still later, in the time between Moses 
and David, there came another migration into India 
from the higher tablelands of Central Asia. The 
Aryans, our ancestors, were seized with this spirit 
of migration. One division went westward into Europe 
and became the progenitors of the Greeks, the Latins, 
the Saxons and the English. The other division sought 
for more southern climes, and pressing through the 
mountain passes of the Himalayas, first settled in North 
India and then gradually spread themselves through all 
the country, not as conquerers, but in comity among the 
other peoples. 


Languages. The Dravidian tribes had brought their 
own languages with them. These languages appear to 
have been fairly well cultivated, even before the Aryans 
came and farther enriched them. The Tamil was the most 
melifluous, being often called the Italian of the East. 
These are languages of song and verse, nearly all of their 
grammar, arithmetic, algebra, astronomy, astrology and 
their works on medicine, science and law were in poe- 
try, and were always chanted or intoned when read. These 
languages are so rich and full that they form excellent 
media for the presentation of religious truth, except that 
we have to give new meanings to the old words denoting 
sin, salvation, holiness, heaven, etc., just as did Paul, 
when preaching to the cultured, idolatrous and philoso- 
phic Greeks in their own tongue. 


Religions. The Dravidians had brought with them also 
their own religion, of which little is now known. 

The Aryans brought in with them the Sanskrit lan- 
guage, the elder and more ornate sister of the Greek 
and Latin. They brought also the Védas, their Scrip- 


THE Arcot Mission. 15 


tures, and the Hinduism which is taught in the Vedas. 
The Vedas set forth, in the main, a pure monotheism, 
and gave essentially true ideas of God, man, sin and 
sacrifice. About the time, however, of the Aryans’ ar- 
rival in North India, there was evolved a second series of 
religious books called the Upanishads, or commentaries on 
the Vedas, and the Shastras, and, later on, the Puranas. 
In these appeared the first glimmerings of the Hindu 
triad, Brahma, Vishnu and Siva, with their hosts of at- 
tendant minor gods. Then also first appeared the sys- 
tem of caste. 


Castes. The Aryans divided themselves into three castes, 
the Brahman, created as they taught from the brain of 
Brahma, the Kshatrya, or soldier caste, from his shoul- 
ders; the Vaishya, or merchant and artisan caste, from 
his loins. Of the Dravidians and other earlier immi- 
grants they constituted the great fourth caste, the 
Sudra, which they declared to have been created by 
Brahma from his thighs, for heavy work. They were 
to be the farmers, mechanics and laborers. They, again, 
are subdivided into more than forty distinct sub-castes, 
who will not eat together, nor intermarry. Those who 
remained of the still earlier inhabitants, the aborigines, 
became the Pariahs, at the south, who with similar 
non-caste people in the other portions of the country, 
are the menial servants of those higher in the scale. 

Caste is thus a religious distinction, not a social. There 
was a different creation for each. If their caste sys- 
tem be tolerated the Brahman may justly say to the others, 
“Stand by thyself; come not near me, for I am holier 
than thou.’’ This caste system is one of the greatest 
barriers to the introduction of the religion of Jesus, 
which proclaims to the proud Brahman no less than to 
the lower castes, that ‘““God hath made of one blood all 
nations of men.” 

The Brahmans mingled among these Dravidians as 
among all the other peoples of India, and from their su- 
perior education and mental power soon gained an as- 
cendancy and succeeded in inducing all the earlier peo- 
ples to accept their religion and their caste system. 
They became, like the Levites of old, the priests and the 


16 Tue Arcot MIssIon. 


school teachers of all India. They did not attempt to in- 
troduce their language, the Sanscrit, except as the lan- 
guage of ritual, but themselves adopted for daily and 
household use, the languages of the preceding immi- 
grants among whom they resided, farther cultivating 
them and enriching them by introducing thousands of 
Sanscrit words, not only those conveying religious ideas, 
but also those used in common life. Thus the Telugu, 
whose alphabet corresponds: exactly, though with dif- 
ferent shaped letters, to the Sanscrit, has more words 
of Sanscrit origin in daily use than the English has 
from both the Latin and Greek. The Brahman school 
teachers also brought out in those early days grammars 
of these languages, so complete that they have stood 
practically unaltered till the present day. Indeed when 
the Arcot Mission was established the Telugu grammars 
in use in the village schools were claimed to be the 
identical books used in those same schools in the time of 
the prophet Malachi. 


Gods. The religion which the Brahmans introduced 
throughout India taught of the Hindu triad, of Brahma 
as the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Siva the de- 
stroyer of all things, and of a host of other gods, theoret- 
ically far inferior to the triad, but with practically much 
greater influence over the daily lives and the fancied 
welfare of the people. These minor gods are far more 
feared and worshiped by the people than are the triad. 
They hold that there are three hundred and thirty mil- 
lions of gods, male and female, named and unnamed, and 
the country is filled with temples and shrines, in which 
are images of these gods to receive the worship, offerings 
and sacrifices of the people, filled as they are with super- 
stition and dread. Even the market places, bazaars, 
family rooms, bed rooms and kitchens swarm with idols, 
great and small, reminding them of the acts of worship 
which they must perform. 

The Brahmans farther taught the doctrine of trans- 
migration. At death the soul simply passes on one 
stage in its existence, to be born again in another 
body,—in a higher order if he has done more good than 
evil,—in a lower if the evil has exceeded the good. If, 


GROUP OF IDOLS, 


18 Tue ArcoT MIssION. 


after countless transmigrations, the account of evil be 
eancelled by the amount of good deeds performed, and 
sufficient merit be attained, the soul will then be ab- 
sorbed into that of the deity, and individual existence 
will cease. This is their doctrine of nirvana, or final 
absorption, which is the highest goal which a true Hindu 
can reach. 

To obtain the needed merit a system of duties is pre- 
seribed. It consists of the daily and strict observance 
of all caste rules, the performance of the prescribed acts 
of worship, sacrifices, ablutions, pilgrimages to holy 
shrines. bathing in sacred rivers and penances of self- 
torture and hermit life, and thus it is hoped that the 
transmigrations of the soul will be brought to a speedier 
end and nirvana be attained. The mass of the people, 
however, are content with the daily observance of these 
easte rules and the abundant worship of their multitu- 
dinous idols. 

The character of these gods of the Hindus, from 
Brahma, who, they teach, committed incest with 
his own daughter and so was cursed and is never 
worshiped, down to the least of their household gods, 
will not bear inspection. The morals of a peonvle are 
never higher than those of the gods whom they wor- 
ship. This accounts for the fearfully lax morality so 
sadly in evidence among the people of India, and which 
their best men admit and deplore. 

Such is the religion of the Tamils and the Telugus of 
the Arcot Mission field. 


Mohammedans. A small percentage of the population, 
however, consists of people of different descent, language 
and religion. The descendants of the Mohammedan in- 
vaders, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, are 
seattered all through India. They use the Hindustani 
language, which originated among the camp followers of 
the invasion, ana cling tenaciously to the Mohammedan- 
ism of their progenitors. In their physical appearance 
and dress they are different from the rest of the popu- 
lation. They are a people by themselves. They consti- 
tute about one-sixth of the population of all India, but 
are not evenly distributed, being in the majority in some 


THE ArcoT MIssIon. 19 


parts of North India, but constituting less than one-twen- 
tieth of the population in the Arcot Mission field. The 
mission therefore expends its energies chiefly for the 
nineteen-twentieths who are Tamils or Telugus. But, 
as most of the Mohammedans in our districts are ac- 
customed to use also the language of the people among 
whom they dwell, they are more or less reached in the 
ordinary work. Four Mohammedans were thus reached, 
converted, and baptized in Madanapalle in 1884. 


Vi 
THE FOUNDING AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
MISSION. 


The Arcot Mission was founded in 1853 by three 
brothers. Rev. Henry Martyn Scudder, eldest son of Dr. 
John Scudder, had, with his wife (Fanny Lewis) joined 
his father in the American Madras Mission in 1844. Dr. 
John Scudder, the first missionary of the Reformed 
Church of America in India, had left a lucrative medical 
practice in New York city in 1819, and with his wife and 
child had come out as a missionary under the American 
Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, through 
whom, untu 1857, the Reformed Church in America car- 
ried on its foreign missionary work. From their arrival 
in 1819 until 1836 they had been associated with Spauld- 
ing, Winslow, Poor and others in the Jaffna (Ceylon) 
mission of the American Board. While there their seven 
sons and two daugnters, who became missionaries of the 
Arcot Mission, were born, the child they brought with 
them having died on the way in Calcutta. 

In 1836 Dr. John Scudder, who had been ordained soon 
after reaching Jaffna, came to Madras with Rev. Miron 
Winslow and there established a new mission under the 
American Board. To that mission young Henry M. Scud- 
der and his wife were sent in 1844. After some six 
years of labor in and around Madras, he and Rev. John 
Dulles were deputed, in June 1850, to take an extended 
preaching and prospecting tour inland from Madras, to 
preach to the people hitherto almost unvisited, to see the 
country and to report on the best place for establishing 
an outstation of the American Madras Mission. 


AND MRS, JOHN SCUDDER. 


DR 


Tue Arcot Mission. 21 


Tamil Field. There was then no missionary between 
Madras and the military station of Bangalore, two hun- 
dred miles to the west, in the Mysore country. They vis- 
ited some of the chief towns in the North Arcot district, 
and reported on the town of Arcot, or the adjacent one of 
Wallajanugger, a place of some 25,000 inhabitants, as the 
best location for the new station. In the following year, 
1851, Mr. Scudder, with his family, removed to Walla- 
janugger and there established an outstation of the 
Madras Mission, no house being procurable in the town 
of Arcot. 

During his six years in Madras he had taken a course 
in the Madras Medical College, and in 1852 he established 
a dispensary at Wallajanugger, to win a more favorable 
entrance for the gospel as well as to relieve the miseries 
of the people. He occupied the field alone for two years, 
giving himself to medical and evangelistic work in the 
North Arcot district. 

His next younger brother, Rey. William Waterbury 
Scudder, with his wife, (Katherine Hastings,) had been 
sent out to the Jaffna Mission in 1846. In 1851 he had 
returned to America, and early in 1853 he came out to 
join his elder brother in North Arcot. The same year, 
1853, their next brother, Rev. Joseph Scudder, with 
his wife, (Anna Chamberlain,) were sent out and the 
three brothers were commissioned to form a new mus- 
sion, independent of the Madras Mission. This they did, 
as is stated in Dr. H. M. Scudder’s Report for 1853, under 
the designation of “The American Arcot Mission.’’ In 
January, 1854, as stated in the first Report of the Mis- 
sion, after going carefully over the district, Vellore, Chit- 
toor and Arni were fixed upon as the residences of the 
three missionaries, Rev. H. M. Scudder being stationed 
at Vellore, with Arcot as its outstation, Rev. W. W. 
Scudder at Chittoor, and Rev. Joseph Scudder at Arni. 

The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in For- 
eign Parts, the elder of the two foreign missionary so- 
cieties of the Church of England, had then small congre- 
gations of native Christians, under the care of catechists, 
at Vellore and Chittoor. These were made up chiefly of 
servants of the military officers, and those connected with 
the regiments at Vellore, and of servants and others con- 


22 Tue Arcot Mission, 


nected with the civil officials at Chittoor, the headquarters 
of the district. The S. P. G. had no missionary nearer 
than Madras, then practically three days journey distant, 
and he could come up only at long intervals to look after 
the small and not very promising work. They therefore 
with much cordiality handed over their little congrega- 
tions to the Arcot Mission on its purchasing their mis- 
sion property in the district, and agreed to leave the 
North Arcot district to the new mission. 

Anthony Norris Groves, Esq., a Plymouth Brother, had 
also, some years before, established a mission in Chit- 
toor and gathered a little congregation mostly of native 
cultivators. This small nucleus of an indigenous church 
had been handed over to the new mission even before 
the S. P. G. had withdrawn in its favor. 

In March, 1856, Rev. Ezekiel Carman Scudder, and his 
wife (Sarah R. Tracy,) and Rev. Jared Waterbury Scud- 
der with his wife (Julia C. Goodwin,) joined the mission. 
In April, 1859, Rev. Joseph Mayou with his wife (Mar- 
garet Schultz,) arrived with Rev. W. W. Scudder, who 
was returning, after furlough in America, with his wife 
(Frances A...Rousseau). In April, 1860, Rev. Jacob Cham- 
berlain with his wife (Charlotte Birge,) joined the mis- 
sion. In December, 1860, Silas Downer Scudder, M. D. 
and wife (Marianna Conover,) and in July, 1861, Rev. 
John Scudder, Jr., M. D. and his wife (Sonvhia Weld,) 
arrived, thus constituting a strong mission of nine fami- 
lies. 

The mission had meantime somewhat enlarged its 
boundaries. In 1856 Rev. and Mrs. Joseph Scudder’s 
ill health made it necessary for them to go to 
the Nilgiri hills. They found quite a large Tamil 
population at Coonoor, with no missionary to look after 
them who Knew their language. The Basel Evangelical 
Lutheran Mission had ere this taken the Nilgiri moun- 
tains as their mission field, but their work was exclusively 
for the mountain tribes, the Badagas, Todas, Irulas, ete., 
and for the Kanarese coolies who came up the northern 
side of the hills to work upon the coffee and tea estates. 
The missionaries, not knowing Tamil, and not wishing 
to turn aside from their main work for the hill tribes, 
joined heartily in the request that the American Arcot 
Mission would take up work among the Tamils. 


THE Arcot Mission, 23 


Coonoor was then adopted as a station of the Arcot 
Mission, and Rev. and Mrs. Joseph Scudder were, in 1857, 
appointed to its permanent charge. By the aid of English 
residents, coffee planters and others, who contributed lib- 
erally, a fine church edifice was speedily erected on a 
knoll in the native town overlooking the market place, 
and a retired English officer, Major General Kennett, 
built an excellent house for the missionaries as a gift 
to the mission. This house, known as ‘‘Wyoming,’’ is 
still the property of the mission. and has for years been 
occupied as a sanitarium during a part of each hot season, 
by members of the mission, who while there have minis- 
tered to the Tamil church. Rey. and Mrs. Joseph Scud- 
der were compelled by an utter break down in health to 
leave India in December, 1859, not to return. 

Telugu Field. A part of the North Arcot district, viz., 
the Palmaner Taluk, and the adjacent zemindary of 
Punganur, was inhabited by Telugu people. The Telugu 
language differs from the Tamil about as the German 
from the English. 

In i859 the Mission decided that that part of our mis- 
sion district should be no longer neglected, and Rev. and 
Mrs. E. C. Scudder were appointed to locate at Palmaner, 
and give themselves to work among the Telugus. Thus 
Palmaner became a station of the mission. A fine bunga- 
low, built by an English engineer for his own occupancy 
was purchased by the mission for only $600, or one-tenth 
of its first cost. 

In the beginning of 1861 it became necessary to remove 
Rev. and Mrs. E. C. Scudder back to the Tamil field, and 
the mission requested Rev. and Mrs. Jacob Chamberlain 
to take up the Telugu work and they were put in charge 
at Palmaner. In 1863 the mission felt called of God to 
push on its work among the Telugu people. Rev. Silas 
D. Scudder, M.D., who on account of the war in Amer- 
ica could not obtain the needed funds for establishing the 
medical work for which he had come out, was trans- 
ferred to Palmaner and Rev. and Mrs. Jacob Chamber- 
lain went forward and took up new Telugu territory in 
the adjoining Cuddapah district, with headquarters at 
Madanapalle. 

The whole Cuddapah district had been regarded as 


24 Tue Arcot Mission. 


being the field of the London Missionary Society, (English 
Independents), and for a little time, some years previous, 
they had an outstation at Madanapalle. But, feeling 
that they would not, for a very long time, be able to 
work the whole district, the directors of that society, in 
April, 1863, withdrew from the southern taluks of that 
district in favor of the American Arcot Mission. 

The adjacent portion of the Mysore kingdom, being 
only seven miles from Madanapalle, and being Telugu, 
it was agreed by the London Missionary Society’s mis- 
sionaries, and the English Wesleyan missionaries in the 
Mysore, who were working in the Kanarese language, 
that it should be cared for by the Arcot Mission, and thus 
the mission was extended to its northern and western 
limits. 

In 1861-2 the work from Arni began to extend 
southward into the adjacent taluk of the South 
Arcot district, and villages came over to Christianity 
in that direction, they being related to those who had 
joined us in the Arni field. The old historic town of - 
Gingee was first taken up as the residence of the mis- 
sionary in South Arcot, and Rev. and Mrs. Joseph Mayou 
went there to reside at the end of 1862. It proved too un- 
healthful however to be the residence of a missionary, 
and some years later Tindivanam, seventeen miles east, 
and only eighteen miles from the sea, was selected as 
the South Arcot headquarters. It was first occupied as a 
station by Rev. J. H. Wyckoff. in 1875, and constitutes 
the present southern portion of the mission. 

Thus were successively occupied the different portions 
of the field which we are diligently striving to annex to 
the kingdom of Jesus Christ. 


Val 
THE AGENCIES EMPLOYED. 


These are manifold, as will appear in the particulariza- 
tion of them given below. 

Preaching. The first to be utilized, the chief weapon to 
be wielded, that from which the largest share of the suc- 
cess so far achieved has come, is the proclamation of the 
gospel of Jesus Christ in their own languages to all the 


“MOTVONNA INXV 


Ge ihioig 


sneha MAMA Uae ee me 


26 Tue Arcor MIssIon. 


people, high and low, learned or ignorant, in all these 
towns, villages and hamlets, throughout the length and 
breadth of our mission districts. 

The Arcot Mission was established by those who, in 
other India missions, had seen and put to the proof all 
the divergent methods of mission work. 

The founders of the Arcot Mission in the “Fundamen- 
tal Principles’’ adopted at its organization, declared :— 
“We believe that India with its teeming population is 
accessible to the preaching of the Gospel from her low- 
liest village to her most crowded city. We believe that 
God has endowed the Hindus with an intellect peculiarly 
capable of comprehending the truths which He has re- 
vealed and with a conscience fitted to be awakened 
thereby. 

“We believe that the vernacular languages of India 
furnish media fully adapted for the clear and forcible 
communication of divine truth. 

“We believe that Christ’s commission, recorded by the 
Evangelists, enjoins as the definite plan of missionary 
labor the promulgation among the population of the 
Gospel in their own tongues; the perseverance in the use 
of the means until individuals and communities are 
proselyted to the Christian faith, and the teaching of 
proselytes and their children; and, therefore, 

“That each missionary, as far as possible, should make 
the preaching of the Gospel to the heathen in the ver- 
nacular his chief work.”’ 

To this end extensive preaching tours among the non- 
Christian population were utilized from the inception of 
the mission. 

There are within the boundaries of the Arcot Mission 
more than 20,000 towns, villages and hamlets. In each 
one of those it was determined that the gospel of salva- 
tion should be diligently proclaimed. Besides preach- 
ing in the one hundred villages within reach of each of 
our stations, each missionary was expected to spend at 
least one-third of his time during each year, as far as 
possible, in tents, farther away from his center, until 
all the outlying villages should be reached and reached 
again. 

Tt was necessary to take tents to dwell in as no Hindus 


28 Tue Arcot MIssIon, 


would receive us into their houses. The tent is pitched in 
some grove, adjacent to one of the larger villages in the 
circuit, and every village within a radius of four or five 
miles is preached in before the tent is moved to another 
center eight or ten miles farther on. Just before the 
break of day, and after prayer for guidance and blessing, 
the missionary and his native assistants go out two to 
four miles, to the farthest village to be reached that 
morning. Choosing the best place in the village streets for 
gathering an audience, the people are Summoned by the 
singing of one of their weird and sweet old native melo- 
dies to Christian words embodying a gospel call. 

As the audience assembles a portion of the Bible is 
read, one of the helpers preaches, and the missionary 
follows, adapting the style of his discourse to the intel- 
ligence of the audience by that time gathered. If of 
Brahmans, with an ornate style of discourse and illustra- 
tions drawn from a high plane, the issues of life, death 
and salvation are presented. If a number of hearers have. 
come up during the latter part of the meeting, another 
speaker once more sets forth, in other words, the same 
message. At the close Scriptures and tracts are offered, 
a courteous farewell is taken, and the party goes to the 
nearest village on the way back to the tent, and then 
to the next, preaching in all, and reaching the tent any- 
where between 9 and 11 o’clock. 

Hindu fairs, festivals and great periodical markets 
are also visited, and even in the great annual concourse 
at some great Hindu temple, for days together, the gos- 
ple seed is sown, to be carried possibly to a hundred 
villages. 

As an example of the time spent and the work done 
on these tours, one missionary states, in the annual report 
for 1868, “I have been away from home on tours and in 
evangelistic work at out-stations altogether 122 days 
during the year. The native helpers under my charge 
have spent 3895 days in itinerating, and we have on our 
tours preached 1,375 times to 1,142 different audiences, in 
1,061 different towns and villages, to 20,012 people. In 
more than one-half of these villages it was the first 
sowing of the seed. In others we were watering and cul- 
tivating what had been sown before, and sowing in 


Tue Arcot Mission, 29 


the fallow ground. In others we were pulling out the 
weeds which the enemy had sowed in hopes of choking 
the divine seed, while in a few cases we were arguing 
with and persuading those who were ‘almost persuaded to 
be Christians.’ ”’ 

Longer tours were from time to time taken through 
the great outlying regions then unoccupied by any mis- 
sion. One of three or four hundred miles in extent was 
made in 1858, and one of more than a thousand miles in 
1863. 

It is safe to say that of the 10,060 converts now on the 
rolis of the Arcot Mission more than 80 per cent have 
been brought in by this ‘‘public proclamation” of the 
gospel in the .vernaculars. These have, indeed, come 
mostly from the lower classes, but a large percentage 
of our high caste converts have also thus been brought 
to a knowledge of Christ. 

Two staunch Brahmans, John Silas and Rayappa, 
were thus brought in. Neither had ever attended 
a mission school for a day. The beloved and la- 
mented pastor Abraham William, as a high-caste young 
man, first heard of Christ from the preaching of 
Dr .W. W. Scudder in the crowds of a market and at 
once took Him into his heart. A man of the shepherd 
caste followed a touring party, after a few days, sixty 
miles to the mission station, to learn more of the Sa- 
viour they had proclaimed, and lived and died a Christian. 

We preach in the open streets because there are no 
theatres or public halls that we can hire, as in Japan, and 
many listen in a street audience who would not be seen 
entering a hall to hear about Jesus Christ. 


The Press. Colportage is another of the chief agencies 
employed from the beginning. We have not been afraid 
to scatter the printed Word in the form of tract, Gospel or 
New Testament, far and wide, lest they be not understood, 
Some, indeed, are not understood nor even read. Some 
are torn up or burned. Not every grain of wheat that 
is sown sprouts, especially if the soil be stony or thorny. 
But many converts have come, high and low, from 
tracts or Gospels that have gone where no living preacher 
ever went. Indeed they have borne rich fruit. 


30 THe Arcor Mission, 


Old Seth Reddi, the head man of his high-caste vil- 
lage, thus received, in 1852, in a village 150 miles from 
Areot, a copy of a Telugu tract prepared by Dr. H. M. 
Seudder, entitled ‘“‘Spiritual Teaching.’ Pondering it 
deeply and reading it to his family and to his village 
people, he at last took the Jesus Christ set forth in it 
into his heart, and to the mission station, seventy miles 
through the roadless hills, he walked to obtain farther 
instruction. He and his family were baptized and two 
of his sons soon afterward became valued helvers in 
the mission. From-+a New Testament sold more than 
300 miles from our mission, on the thousand mile tour 
spoken of above, a young man of the merchant caste 
learned of Christ, and many years after was baptized in 
one of our churches. 

God’s promise in regard to the printed Word as well 
as to that spoken has been verified in hundreds of in- 
stances in the history of our mission, and other mis- 
sions in India,—‘‘It shall not return unto me void, 
but it shall accomplish that * * * whereto I sent it.” 

Healing. Medical work as an aid to evangelistic has 
been employed from the founding of the mission and is 
not fruitless. As stated in the preceding chapter, Dr. H. 
M. Scudder began medical work in the North Arcot dis- 
trict in 1852. It was carried on by him until December, 
1854, when, on account of his ill health and the pressure 
of other duties, it was closed. In April, 1866, it was re- 
opened in Ranipettai, (Arcot), by Dr. Silas D. Scudder, 
who had originally come out as a medical missionary, and 
ere long the government gave over to him its small hos- 
pital and dispensary at that station, with all its plant, 
the loan of its fine building, and a grant of more than 
Rr. 2,000 per year. For two periods since, when the mis- 
sion had no medical man whom it could devote to this 
service, it has been in charge of government authori- 
ties, the last time being between the lamented death of 
Dr. Hekhuis and the arrival of Dr. L. R. Scudder, in 
October, 1889. For a number of years until October, 1899, 
it was under the joint control of the mission and the dis- 
trict Local Fund board, which contributed largely to its 
support. From that date it has become a strictly mis- 
sion hospital, and is supported by a syndicate in Amer- 


THe ArcoT MIssIoNn, 31 


ica, with a diminished grant from government for medi- 
cines. This grant is in recognition or the immeasurable 
benefits that it confers upon the people without regard to 
caste or creed. The government claims no part in its 
administration. The hospital has started upon its new 
career with promises of still higher achievements. 

It now has three departments, one for the more numer- 
ous male patients, another the women’s and children’s 
department and the third a maternity hospital. During 
the year 1901 patients to the number of 11,607 were treated, 
of whom 1,059 were in-patients in the main hospital, and 
124 in-patients in the lying-in hospital. 

From 1867 Rev. Jacob Chamberlain, M. D., took up sys- 
tematic medical work in Madanapalle, which had been 
carried on by him more or less from the date of his 
arrival there, and in 1868-9 he established there a hospital 
and dispensary. The work, however, together with his 
evangelistic labors, and the Telugu Bible revision, prov- 
ing too heavy for him to carry, the government, in 1869, 
sent him a thoroughly qualified assistant, and assumed 
the full support of the work, erecting a new hospital 
building. but placing it all under Dr. Chamberlain’s su- 
perintendence, so that it was still regarded by the people 
as a mission institutign, and was so utilized for evan- 
gelistic purposes for many years. It is now (1902) in 
charge, under the government authorities, of Mr. M. D. 
Gnanamani, a very earnest native Christian medical man 
of high qualifications, an elder in the Madanapalle 
church, and is still doing a most beneficent work, its re- 
lations with the mission being close and cordial. 

Mrs. Gnanamani, as Miss Mary Rajanayakam, was 
educated at the expense of the ladies of the Synod of 
Albany in the Madras Medical College, taking a full four 
years course. She is a volunteer medical missionary at 
Madanapalle, especially among women and children, and 
is doing very much good, winning the hearts of many of 
her high-caste patients to a knowledge of and a longing 
for the salvation of Jesus. 

In 1872 at the very earnest and repeated request of 
both the Hindu and Mohammedan communities of Pal- 
maner, backed by an initial subscription of Rs. 1,700 for 
that purpose, Dr. Chamberlain established there also a 


“IVLIdSOH IVLLAdINVY ‘GYVM ALINADLVW 


Tue Arcot MIssIon. 33 


dispensary and hospital, and carried it on as a missionary 
institution, though all its expenses were met by non- 
Christians and government grants, until he was obliged 
by ill health to go to America in 1874. That hospital is 
still maintained by government with a Christian medi- 
cal man at its head, and is a real blessing to all the in- 
habitants of the region. 

The munificent gift from Mr. Robert Schell, of New 
York, of $10,000 to establish the ‘““Mary Taber Schell Me- 
morial Hospital’ for women and children in Vellore, 
has been used in the erection of very fine buildings, 
which are to be completed and the hospital formally 
opened in 1902. Meantime Dr. Ida Scudder has for the 
last two years been doing an increasing dispensary work 
among the women and children in Vellore, treating 5,000 
patients in 1901, and assuring a large clientage for the 
new hospital. 

This medical work as an evangelistic agency has richly 
paid, both in paving the way for a kindly reception of the 
gospel message of the Great Physician and in actual con- 
versions. In 1854 Dr. Henry M. Scudder admitted into his 
hospital in Arcot a high-caste lad for treatment. He heard 
of Christ in the daily preaching in the hospital, and took 
Him into his heart, coming out amid no small opposi- 
tion as a Christian. He became the much loved and 
now greatly lamented catechist and Bible teacher in 
Vellore, Mr. Isaac Henry. Many conversions since 
among the patients of the same hospital, revived at Rani- 
pettai, have placed God’s seal upon it. 

A serious surgical operation at Madanapalle in 1869, 
with the daily gospel diet of the patient and his at- 
tendant friends, was the means, under God, of the com- 
ing over to Christianity of a whole hamlet of Mala weay- 
ers, among the first of the villages in the Madanapalle 
station to embrace Christianity. Two cases of conversion 
of caste men in the Madanapalle hospital in the seven- 
ties and eighties cheered the missionary’s heart. One of 
them years after died a Christian. The other is a living 
Christian. Many other instances could be given of con- 
version in the different hospitals, but space does not per- 
mit. Enough has been said to show their evangelistic 
usefulness, if properly conducted. . 


34 THe Arcot Mission, 


Teaching. Educational work, as we utilize it, is another 
of our potent evangelistic agencies. While not believing 
that western education must precede evangelization, the 
education of our converts and their children has never 
been neglected by the Arcot Mission. We can tell of the 
different educational agencies very briefly. 

Vernacular schools are found wherever there is a Christ- 
ian village congregation. Of these there are now 141 
in the mission. Not alone the Christian children are 
taught in these schools, but those of Hindus and Mo- 
hammedans are welcomed on the condition that they 
take the Bible lessons. Many come and learn what will 
follow them as a helpful influence through life, even if 
they do not become Christians. But some of them do be- 
come Christians. 

Rey. srskine Tavamani, a teacher in the Theological 
Seminary at Palmaner, is an instance of this. The 
mission school for our converts’ children was the only 
school in or near his parents’ village. They were of 
high caste and long hesitated to let their bright little 
son attend the school with the “low born” Christian 
children. But his importunities prevailed. The gospel 
lessons were soon his favorites. He became a Christian, 
was educated by our mission; was one of the first class of 
graduates from our Theolcgical Seminary, and became 
pastor of the Katpadi church. after he had proved him- 
self he was called to be a teacher in the Theological 
Seminary, a trophy of these little village schools. Many 
other such trophies there are. 

Anglo-vernacular schools and High schools had to 
follow. Government employment being open only to those 
who know English, there is a rage for learning English. 
Our educated young men must not be behind the others 
whom they are trying to bring into the kingdom. Anglo- 
vernacular schools are somewhat expensive. A teacher, 
necessary to teach six Christian lads, can just as well 
teach a class_of a score, and the fees willingly paid by 
the fourteen Hindus will help much in paying the salary 
of the teacher; and all have their daily Bible lessons. 

Conversions from these schools occur. But one instance 
can be given: Adiséshayya, a Brahman lad, was admitted 
into the Madanapalle Boys school in August, 1891. 


Tue Arcot Mission, 35 


The first year he fought the teacher daily over the Bible 
lessons, controverting every point, but he studied so well 
as at the end of the year to win the prize for proficiency 
in the Bible lessons over the Christian students. The sec- 
ond and the third years he did the same, only controvert- 
ing less and taking into his heart more. The fourth year, 
amid bitter persecution, and with his life threatened 
again and again, he came out as a Christian. He is now 
in college preparing for a life of Christian usefulness. 
There are in the mission six Anglo-vernacular, or High 
schools, and they are bearing fruit. Some of it is not 
yet ripe. It will ripen. 

A college was the necessary sequence, for we must 
have well educated Christian men to cope with the thou- 
sands of young Hindus now obtaining a college educa- 
tion. The Arcot Mission College, at Vellore, was the nat- 
ural outgrowth of our earlier educational work, and the 
demands of the times and is an evangelistic agency of 
large potentiality. With its strong staff of Christian 
teachers, and thronged with pupils in all departments, it 
maintains the teaching of the Bible in every class and 
that teaching is telling all the time in the formation of 
character, and will, in God’s time, tell in actual conver- 
sions. 

Christian Girls’ schools day and boarding, were a part 
of our life. Our pastors and catechists and teachers must 
have educated Christian wives. Christian women teach- 
ers and educated Bible women and Zenana women must 
be provided. Hindu officials and other gentlemen saw 
how an education such as we gave elevated and en- 
nobled our Christian girls, whom they were pleased to 
eall ‘low born,’ and began to desire such an education 
for their daughters, their sisters, their young wives. A 
few braved opprobrium and sent their daughters to 
our Christian schools, but not many dared do this. 

Hindu Girls’ schools came as a result. These were first 
opened by Misses Mandeville and Chapin. The mission- 
ary ladies were the ones best qualified to organize, teach 
and superintend these schools, and the education of the 
daughters of the strict Hindus fell largely into their 
hands. <A few conversions have resulted from such 
schools, for Christian truth is taught in them all every 


“IVLLOUdINVY “TOOHDS ONIGUVOd STyIo 


Tue Arcor Mission, By 


day, but one who knows the trammels thrown around 
them does not wonder that these bright girls dare not 
break away, as yet, and come out openly for Him they 
are learning to love. Yet what a change there will be 
in the mothers of the next generation, and of that gen- 
eration Christ will have hosts of avowed disciples from 
the work now being done for and among India’s daugh- 
Gerss 


Visiting. Zenana and Bible women’s work was an evan- 
gelistic agency that followed almost of itself. The se- 
cluded mothers of many of those girls, who told at home 
the lessons they had learned in the school and sang the 
sweet songs of Zion that had captivated their own ears, 
came to wish themselves to learn to read and to sing such 
songs. So the Zenana teacher and the Bible women are 
welcomed in thousands of Hindu homes, and many a se- 
eret disciple is longing for the day when she may openly 
embrace her Saviour. 

Nor must the Christian Endeavor Society be passed 
by unmentioned among these evangelistic agencies. 

The first genuine C. EH. Society in India, if not in all 
Asia. excluding Asia Minor, was the one established in 
the Arcot Mission by Rev. Wm. I. Chamberlain, aided by 
Miss M. K. Scudder, in 1889 in the Madanapalle church, 
Others quickly followed in other stations and other mis- 
sions until the South India C. E. Union, of which Rev. 
L. B. Chamberlain was, for the first four years, the Hon- 
orary Secretary, sprang into existence. 

It has proved not only a means of Christian growth to 
its members, but a powerful evangelistic agency, for it 
has in all India turned indifferent masses of passive 
disciples into earnest, consecrated, aggressive Christians, 
who are going out as volunteer workers, evangelizing 
the heathen around them, and who have already won 
many trophies. In all our stations, in many of our un- 
educated village out-stations as well, have the C. E. So- 
cieties, Senior and Junior, done most excellent service. 
One cannot but feel that India’s conversion will be 
hastened by a generation through the in-coming of that 
God appointed organization. 


38 Tue Arcot Mission, 


SValalr. 


THE RESULTS SO FAR ATTAINED AND THE 
PLANT SECURED. 


The number of registered Christians in the Arcot Mis- 
sion at the end of 1901 was 10,060. Of these 7,432, or 
about three-fourths, are baptized members of the church, 
including the children, and 2,638 are under instruction 
for baptism. Besides these the people of a good number 
of villages have asked to be received under Christian 
instruction, forswearing their idols and all their heathen 
belief and practices. Hundreds, yes thousands of others, 
all through our sixteen taluks, in city, village and ham- 
let, high and low, well-to-do and poor, are intellectually 
convinced of the truth of Christianity and the insuf- 
ficiency or falsity of their old systems, and have ceased 
worshiping idols. But the bonds of caste and custom, and 
family ties keep them from coming out openly and em- 
bracing Christianity. When the Holy Spirit shall so 
touch their hearts that they shall dare to lose everything 
for Christ, they will come out in scores, in hundreds, in 
thousands. 

A wealthy high-caste land holder, of large family con- 
nections, said one day in the missionary’s study, ‘“‘I do 
believe that Jesus Christ is the only Saviour of the world. 
In secret I pray to Him alone. O that I could come out 
openly and embrace Him. But see what ruin it 
would bring upon my unwilling family did I, the head, 
come out and break caste and acknowledge Christ. Did 
they believe as I do it would not be so hard. But they 
do not and yet their ruin would be complete. Let me be 
baptized and even they would treat me as an outcast. I 
could not again eat in my own house. Still that would 
not save them from ostracism by the rest of our family 
connection and by all our caste. None of them would 
give a daughter in marriage to one of my four sons. My 
three daughters, now becoming marriageable, could find 
no husbands. My wife would be treated as a widow. 
False claims would be trumped up and sworn to 
and our property would be snatched from _ us. My 
family would not become Christians and yet they would 
be ruined. For myself, I could bear all that would come 


Tue Arcot Mission. 39 


upon me for becoming a Christian, but how can I bring 
such destruction upon my unsympathizing family?” and 
the tears rolled down his cheeks as he spoke. ‘‘Wait, sir, 
wait. Perhaps God will by and by incline them and 
{incline my brothers and their children to become Chris- 
tians, and then we will all come together, for Jesus 
Christ must be our Saviour, or we are lost.” 

Many a young zenana lady, many a graduate from our 
Hindu Girls’ schools is longing for the day when she will 
dare and be able openly to embrace the Christ she now 
loves. 

All through our communities we see men of noble pur- 
pose and upright life who were educated in mission 
schools, whose characters have been unconsciously 
moulded by the Bible teachings which they studied in 
those schools, though the shackles of Hinduism have 
held them back from even secretly accepting Christ as 
their master. All these are ‘“‘unregistered fruits,’ but 
none the less must be reckoned as part of the results of 
our decades of work, as part of the whitening harvest 
that will yet be reaped. 

Yet another harvest has already been garnered. A 
search of the records of the mission for the 48 years 
of its existence indicates that during that time 4,065 of 
those who have come out from heathenism into Christian- 
ity have died. Remembering what it cost most of them 
to become Christians, we are convinced that a very large 
proportion of these died the believers’ death. 


The Force. The enginery already secured and the plant 


acquired must also be taken into account as among the 
results so far attained and they are neither small nor 
insignificant. 

In addition to the ten male and sixteen female mis- 
sionaries from America now connected with the mis- 
sion, we have fourteen native pastors, working not 
alone for the churches over which they are ordained, 
but for the thousands of non-Christians around those 
churches. We have also twenty-two licentiates, gradu- 
ates from our Theological Seminary, now working 
as evangelists, but ready, as soon as native churches 
can support them and desire to call them, to be ordained 


‘ANOTTXA “ADATION SHAHUOOA ‘A HLIAVZITA 


THE Arcot Mission, 41 


to the full ministry and pastorate. Besides these there 
are one hundred and thirty-one other male native helpers 
engaged in evangelistic work, catechists, assistant cate- 
chists, readers and colporteurs, and forty-seven Bible 
and zenana women, who in 1901 visited six hundred and 
sixty-three different zenanas and presented the gospel 
message twenty-two thousand times, while they and our 
colporteurs put into circulation thirty-two thousand 
Christian tracts and books. 

In addition to those thus employed in direct evan- 
gelistic work, there are one hundred and sixty-two male 
and eighty-five female Christian teachers, all of whom 
are daily imparting a Christian education to the six thou- 
sand six hundred and ninety-eight pupils in our one hun- 
dred and seventy-one schools, four thousand six hundred 
of whom are now non-Christians, but who are thus daily 
learning of free salvation through Jesus Christ. Among 
those schools are fifteen for Hindu girls in which one 
thousand seven hundred and sixty-five of the daughters 
of high-caste Hindus are thus learning of Christ from 
Christian teachers. 


Training. To train these agents we have six boarding 
schools, which will be further particularized in another 
place, but which must be here noted as part of our 
acquired plant. 

At the head of these educational institutions is the 
Arcot Mission College at Vellore, with a missionary 
principal, and a staff of forty-one assistant professors 
and teachers. It has in its college, high school and pri- 
mary departments, one thousanu and eighty-six pupils, 
nearly one thousand of whom are Hindus and Moham- 
medans, and who paid last year thirteen thousand five 
hundred rupees, in fees, for the privilege of thus study- 
ing in a mission college with the Christian students. 
Surely it is fitting to reckon this as part of our Chris- 
tianizing agency. 

The Mission Industrial School at Arnieowes much to 
Rev. Dr. Hekhuis, its founder, and Rev. HE. C. Scudder, 
who greatly enlarged it. It aims to train the sons of our 
converts, most of whom are descended from generations 
of servile life, to take their stand as independent, self 


“AUVNIWGS ITVOISOTORHL AO SLNAGALS GNV ALTINOVA 


Tue Arcor Mission. 43 


respecting mechanics and artisans. They will thus help 
more efficiently to support the churches in their villages 
not only, but afford an object iesson as to how Chris- 
tainity elevates the whole man, and, as lay workers, by 
example and voice advocate the Christian cause, 

The crown of the educational equipment is the 
Theological Seminary at Palmaner. This institution, 
with an endowment given by our church in 1887 which 
fully meets all its expenses, including the salary of its 
missionary principal, is training and sending out year by 
year not only ministers but thoroughly equipped evangel- 
ists and lay workers. 

Property Value. The property plant up to this time 
acquired by the mission is located in the eight stations 
and one hundred and fifty-seven out-stations, or villages, 
and consists of the following items with their estimated 
values appended: 


1. Ten Mission Houses and Station Helpers 


EV. OSC Stiarercsste tm Mecots: ierceo iclatls-16. ovis) sijste enc acate el eletoperéndi se lols Rs. 110,000 

De Di rteenme teks CHULCHCS ee .eantisiacscdcss «ts oss 65.000 
School Buildings and Reading Rooms at the 

SERB OD OS Lo Heat. ait etcer dbs CUO oe Dae oa nee OE 65,000 

4, Village Churches and School Houses........ 12,000 

5. Village Helpers’ BETO US CS irae les als asso one 10,000 

6. Hospital and Dispensary Property........... 38,000 
7. College Grounds and Buildings, erected and 

ELEC WL Sap eg tareia Mctahe vette «iisiteccpniate a.eve islecs celsverlare gee apes 60,000 

Motale Ot te ropmenty: ‘Plan teas urs coca tat Rs. 360,000 

Add 8. College Endowment already secured.... 30,000 
9. Theological Seminary Hndowment and 

IDOMaNKopeatsnoe . adie ol aden Ge arma o RoR Dae nE menor 190,000 


Total of Plant and Permanent Funds.....Rs. 580,000 
which is equivalent to $193,333. 


The Reformed Church may well thank God that it has 
such an equipment already secured in India, but it must 
remember that this is simply plant, and that no income 
from it is available for the keeping up and pushing of the 
evangelistic or general work, but only for the theological 
seminary and the college, and that by its possession of 


‘YOOLLIHO ‘HOUNHO NOLLVIS ISU 


THE Arcor Mission. 45 


such property God has placed upon the church the 
greater responsibility for providing the needed funds for 
utiliizing it to its full capacity, and pushing to its ut- 
most the evangelistic work. 


WAUE 


THE PERSONNEL AND THE ACTIVITIHS AT EACH 
STATION IN 1901-2. 


Although in the providence of God there are frequent 
changes in the personnel at the different stations, it may 
be of interest to know the situation at the close of the first 
year of the new century. In giving this, the line of sen- 
iority among the missionaries in charge of the stations, 
and not that of the stations, is followed. Only a brief 
synopsis of the activities, spoken of in classes else- 
where, is given so that a bird’s-eye view may be had 
-of the whole mission work. A very few particulars of 
interest not given elsewhere are inserted. The year when 
each was commissioned and sent out is added to the 
names of the missionaries, in the list, pages 57-8. 


PALMANER. 


The Tneological Seminary, with its forty students, is 
under the charge of Dr. Scudder as Principal, having a 
four years course for the ministry, a three years cate- 
chists’ course, and a year’s Bible course for young men 
who are to be village school teachers. 

Mrs. Scudder has charge of the boarding department, 
as all unmarried students room and board in the semi- 
nary. 

Miss Scudder has a Bible Women’s training class in 
connection with the seminary and also a Hindu Girls’ 
school of fifty-one pupils. Two Bible and zenana women 
are working in the town and surrounding villages under 
her supervision. There is a church of sixty-one com- 
municants, a total congregation of one hundred and fifty- 
seven, and a Sunday-school of one hundred and fifty, 


46 Tue ArxcoT MIssIon, 


one-half of whom are non-Christians. A vigorous Chris- 
tian Endeavor Society is doing good work in the Semi- 
nary and among the heathen of the region. 


REV, JARED W. SCUDDER, MRS, JULIA C. SCUDDER, 


M.D., D.D. 


MISS JULIA C, SCUDDER. 


Dr. Seudder has recently brought out a comprehensive 
work on Systematic Theology in Tamil, and has a Tamil 
Commentary on the Romans in the press. 


COONOOR. 


There is a practically self supporting church at this 
mountain station, of ninety-six communicants and one 
hundred and forty-four baptized adults and children, or 
a total enrollment of two hundred and forty. In 1891 
they contributed for church and benevolent purposes 
nearly Rs. 4 per member, which, when compared with 
their small incomes, would be more than $8.00 per mem- 
ber for our average country churches in America. 

A day school of seventy pupils, of whom three-fourths 
are Hindus and Mohammedans, but all studying the Bible 
lessons daily, is maintained, and three Sunday -:schools, 


Tue ArcoT Mission, 47 


less than one-half of the pupils being Christians. A 
Christian Endeavor Society is working for the young 
people, and through them for those around them, and 
preaching is maintained in the large weekly market and 
surrounding villages and tea and coffee plantations. 


MRS. C, B, CHAMBERLAIN. 


REV. JACOB CHAMBERLAIN, D.D. 


Dr. Chamberlain, aside from the church and evan- 
gelistic work, is giving himself to the preparation of 
Christian literature for the Telugu Christians of the 
Arcot and other evangelical missions, of whom there are 
now more than fifty thousand. 


TINDIVANAM. 


Tindivanam has the largest number of Christian vil- 
lage congregations of any station in the mission, viz., 
thirty-eight, with seven organized churches, three native 
pastors, and thirty-four male and five female evangelistic 
helpers. The churches have six hundred and twenty-nine 
communicants, and congregations numbering two thou- 
sand two hundred and five. It has a flourishing Anglo- 
vernacular school, a boys boarding school, two Hindu 
Girls schools, and thirty-two village schools, with nine 
hundred pupils. 

The chureh at the station under a native pastor is 
practically self-supporting. Christian Endeavor Societies 
and a vigorous Junior Society trained by Mrs. Wyckoff, 
have been most helpful in the work of that field. 


48 Tue Arcor Mission. 


REV. J] H. WYCKOFF, D.D. 


MRS.SG. GyeWw YiCISO DE, 


MkS ELLEN B.SCUDDER,. 


REY, WALTER T, SCUDDER. 


Rev. and Mrs. W. T. Scudder took charge of this large 
station from Dr. and Mrs. Wyckoff early in 1902, pre- 
paratory to the latter’s departure for America on fur- 
lough. 


VELLORE. 


Vellore, the geographical centre of the mission, has the 
largest plant of any of the stations. 

The Arcot Mission College is located there, under the 
presidency of Dr. Wm. I. Chamberlain, and has in the 
two college classes twenty-five students, in the senior pre- 
paratory sixty, and in the junior preparatory and pri- 
mary departments just over one thousand, with forty- 
one assistant professors and teachers. It has an Anglo- 
vernacular preparatory school at Katpadi, between Vel- 
lore and Chittoor. Dr. W. I. Chamberlain is also mis- 
sionary of the station, the other missionary, in the pau- 
city of men, having been removed to another station. 


THE Ardot Mission, 49 


The Cohoes Gudiyatam mission is under his supervision 
as well. 

There are in the whole Vellore field, part of which is 
temporarily worked by the missionaries of Ranipettai and 
Chittoor, twenty-four congregations, four organized 


REV. W I. CHAMBERLAIN, PH.D. MRS. SOPHIA W. SCUDDER, 


MRS, M, A. CHAMBERLAIN 


MISS IDA S, SCUDDER, M.D. MISS A. E. HANCOCK, 


churches, with five hundred and four communicants, and 
total congregations of one thousand eight hundred. In 
twenty-four day schools are enrolled over one thousand 
pupils. There are three native pastors, twenty-eight 
male and thirteen female evangelistic assistants. The 


50 THE Arcot Mission. 


church in the city of Vellore and that at Katpadi are 
self supporting under native pastors. 

Mrs. Wm. I. Chamberlain has two Hindu Girls schools 
in the city of Vellore, viz., the Circar Mandi School, 
with one hundred and eighty pupils, and the Arasamaram 
School with two hundred. A Sunday-school is main- 
tained in each of these, with three hundred high-caste 
girls in attendance. 

Mrs, John Scudder has the management of the Chris- 
tian boys’ boarding department of the college, and also of 
the Vélpadi Hindu Girls school, with eighty pupils. 

Dr. Ida Scudder is-in charge of the Mary Taber Schell 
Memorial hospital and dispensary. When completed it 
will doubtless be one of the finest women’s hospitals in 
the Madras Presidency. She will have a full staff of 
India trained assistants to aid her in its work. 

Miss Annie Hancock has charge of the Bible and 
Zenana women working in Vellore, and seeks, herself and 
th-cugh the Bible women, to follow and influence in 
their homes the patients treated in the hospital. She has 
the superintendence also of the Sunday-school in the 
Vélpadi Hindu Girls school. 


RANIPHTTAT. 


Ranipettai, on the north bank of the Palar River, oppo- 
site the old city of Arcot, has for a generation been the 
medical centre of our mission. 

Dr. L. R. Scudder is in charge of the station as well as 
of the mission hospital, which is more fully spoken of 
elsewhere. There are thirty-seven village congregations 
connected with this station, and thirty day schools with 
about seven hundred pupils. There are two organized 
churches, each supporting its native pastor; thirty male 
and eight female evangelistic assistants; four hundred and 
six communicants, and total congregations of two thou- 
sand four hundred. : 

Mrs. L. R. Scudder has charge of the Bible and Zenana 
women’s work, and also of an incipient Widows’ Home 
and lace-making school, where widows and unprotected 
women can, in safety, earn their livelihood. 


THE ArcoT Mission. 51 


Miss M. K. Scudder has the Girls’ Boarding school of 
eighty-one pupils, in its fine new building, and also has 
charge of the four Hindu Girls schools, at Ranipettai, 


REV. LEWIS R. SCUDDER, 
M.D. 


MISS M, kK, SCUDDER ; : 
MRS. ETHEL F SCUDDER, 


MISS LOUISA H. HART, M.D, 


Old Arcot, Wallajah and Kavaripak, with three hundred 
and ninety-one pupils in all. 

Miss Dr. Hart has the women’s and children’s depart- 
ment of the general hospital, and the maternity hospital. 


MADANAPALLE. 


Madanapalle is the principal station of the Telugu de- 
partment of the mission. It was the headquarters of Dr. 
and Mrs. Jacob Chamberlain from 1863 to 1899, or thirty- 
seven years. 

Rev. L. B. Chamberlain joined them there in 1891, and 
soon took charge of the village and school work, and 


52 Tue ArcoT MIssIon. 


later he and Mrs. Chamberlain of the station and board- 
ing schools. Up to October, 1901, they had charge of the 
whole of the work, in all departments. At that time 
they were obliged by ill health to leave for America, and 
Rey. and Mrs. H. J. Scudder took over the whole burden 
that should be borne by at least two families, for the 
field is larger, and far more populous than the state of 
Delaware. 


REV, L. B, CHAMBERLAIN, 


MRS, JULIA A. CHAMBERLAIN, 


REV. H J, SCUDDER. HRs. M. B, SCUDDER, 


There are three Anglo-vernacular Schools in the field, 
viz., at Punganur, Madanapalle, and Vayalpad, two of 
them of high grade; two boarding schools at Madanapalle, 
one for girls and one for boys; a theological class for those 
who, not knowing Tamil, cannot go to the Theological 
Seminary at Palmaner; eight village schools, and two 
Hindu Girls schools, one at Punganur, and one at Madan- 
apalle. Here labor also eight Bible and Zenana women. 


Tue Arcot Mission. 53 


There are fourteen Christian village congregations, 
very widely scattered; one entirely self supporting native 
church, and a second ordained native pastor to care for 
the outlying village congregations. There are one hun- 
dred and seventy communicants; four hundred and eleven 
baptized members, including children, and a total in the 
congregations of seven hundred and forty-five. Besides 
the two native pastors there are fifteen male and six fe- 
male assistants in the evangelistic work in that field. 


CHITTOOR. 


The Chittoor station has for a number of years been 
supported by the Christian Endeavor Societies of the 
Reformed Church in America. During the last few years 
there has been a blessed movement going on in this field, 
chiefly among the Pariah cultivators, and village after 
village has put itself under Christian instruction and de- 
veloped Christian character. There are now twenty-five 
Christian villages, numbering one thousand five hundred 


REV. JAMES A. BEATTIE. MRS. MARGARET D,. BEATTIE, 


and eighty-two adherents; two organized churches with 
two hundred and ninety-three communicants, and one 
native pastor supported entirely by the people, with 
twenty-two male and four female evangelistic agents. 
Mrs. Beattie has a lower secondary Girls’ Boarding 
school with fifty pupils, and connected with it, a Normal 
Training school recognized and aided by government ,in 
which from ten to twelve of our Christian girls are 
trained each year as higher class school-mistresses. 
There is also a Hindu Girls’ school in the town, in 


54 THE Arcor Mission, 


which one hundred and thirty-five high-caste girls are 
receiving a Christian education, and four Bible and 
Zenana women are taking some knowledge of Christ into 
many a secluded Hindu home. 


ARNI. 


Arni is one of the oldest stations of the mission, but it 
has been for long periods without a resident missionary, 
being supervised by the missionaries of adjoining sta- 
tions. 

Its chief interest at present is the Industrial School. 
This is in charge of Mr. Farrar, who, in America, had 
special technical training for that work, and came out 
appointed to it in 1897. It has now eighty pupils under 
training in its different departments, carpentry, print- 
ing, weaving and tailoring. 

A small capital is sadly needed for running it. When 
that is provided it will do a still better work. The mis- 


MR. W, H. FARRAR, MRS, E. W. FARRAR, 


sion is however the gainer by what it has already done. 

Mrs. Farrar has charge of two Hindu Girls’ schools 
and four Bible and Zenana women laboring in connec- 
tion with these schools and elsewhere. 

There are in connection with this station eighteen vil- 
lage congregations; two native pastors, and twenty-two 
male and four female evangelistic agents; two hundred 
and eighty-five communicants, and nine hundred and 
forty-three adherents. One church is practically self 
supporting. With a district missionary at work a large 
ingathering would assuredly take place. 


THE ARcor Mission. 55 
IX. 
AN SUD, O)OMMO OKO) 


This is as bright and definite as are the promises of 
God. For it has been decreed by One who falters not, 
and never fails, “I will also give Thee for a light to the 
Gentiles, that Thou mayest be My Salvation unto the end 
of the earth.” ‘“‘The Gentiles shall come to Thy light, 
and kings to the brightness of Thy rising.” ‘Yea, all 
kings shall fall down before Him; all nations shall 
serve Him.” 

The dawn of that day is beginning to break even in 
India. Already nearly three millions of India’s sons and 
daughters, of whom 1,934,480 are in the Madras Presi- 
dency, are daily bowing the knee to Jesus. Into other 
millions of minds the truth has entered, and is grad- 
ually making itself felt. Upon still more millions has the 
conviction fixed itself that the hated Nazarene is getting 
to Himself the victory, and that their hoary systems must 
lick the dust before Him. The Brahman editor of a ver- 
nacular newspaper wrote, a little time ago, in a de- 
spairing editorial:— 

“We entertain no more any hope for that religion which 
we consider dearer than our life. Hinduism is now on its 
deathbed and unfortunately there is no drug which can 
safely be administered to it for its recovery. Many men 
of splendid education are coming forth even from our 
own community who have already expressed a desire 
to accept Christianity, and should these gentlemen really 
become first Christians and then its preachers, they will 
give the last blow to Mother Hinduism. This terrible 
crusade is now carried on by Christians with a tenacity 
of purpose and devotion which in themselves defy 
failure.”’ 

A Tamil circular designed to rouse the Hindus to united 
opposition against us was scattered in the very streets of 
Vellore, in which was this wail:— 

“How many thousands of thousands have these mis- 
sionaries turned to Christianity! On how many more 
have they cast their nets? If we sleep as heretofore in 
a short time they will turn all to Christianity, and our 


56 Tue ARCOT MISSION. 


temples will be changed into churches. Do you not know 
that the number of Christians is increasing, and the 
number of Hindu religionists decreasing every day? How 
long will water remain in a reservoir which continually 
lets out, but receives none in? Let all the people join as 
one man to banish Christianity from our land.’’ 

That Hinduism is disintegrating is indeed admitted 
by all. Yet the antagonism of many of the leaders of 
Hinduism to Christianity is. if possible, even more in- 
tense. Skepticism, agnosticism they clasp to _ their 
breasts. ‘‘Anything but surrender to King Jesus”? seems 
to be their cry. This makes it the more imperative that, 
before they have rallied under a new flag, we should re- 
double our efforts, and strike for immediate victory. 

Our Opportunity. For such an immediate advance what 
a position does the Reformed Church now hold in the 
Arcot Mission, if she will but send on adequate supplies 
and reinforcements. The vantage ground gained, as par- 
ticularized in a former chapter, by the enlisting of the 
10,060 converts in our mission would not be half so great 
were these Christian converts all living in a small circum- 
scribed area, as in two or three large cities, or towns, for 
they are now residents in one hundred and sixty-five 
towns, villages and hamlets, scattered through sixteen 
taluks, or counties, among three millions of people. Not 
one large lump of leaven in a huge, inert bulk of meal, 
but one hundred and sixty-five living masses of leaven 
that shall form so many centres the quicker and the more 
thoroughly lift up all parts of the superincumbent mass. 
These one hundred and sixty-five centres now occupied 
by Christians may be viewed as so many strategic points 
gained and held by a determined soldiery, from which a 
united assault may now be made on the half disheartened 
enemy all around. This they know and tremble. To 
Jesus Christ are they as determined not to surrender as 
was Saul of Tarsus, when he started for Damascus. But 
they will yet surrender, as did Saul, if we fail not in our 
duty. 

That keen observer of native character and the cur- 
rents of native thought, Sir Charles Elliott, Lieutenant 
Governor of Bengal, after thirty years of closely watching 
missionary activities in many provinces of India, and 


Tue Arcot Mission. 57 


studying trends of Hindu thought, said in a public ad- 
dress in India: 

“There is unquestionably an undercurrent working 
among the higher classes in India toward Christianity, 
in spite of all the open manifestations against it, and we 
may look forward with confident expectation to the day 
when all India shall bow at the feet of Christ, who alone 
ean uplift, purify and save.’’ 

Blessed inat Church, blessed those people who have a 
hand in hastening India’s redemption. 


LIST OF MISSIONARIES. 


Went out. Retired. 
Rev. Henry Martyn Scudder, M. D., 


IDS, BY ‘ Sco eteuere 1851 1864* 
Mrs. Fanny eis Scuddes Sees 1851 1864* 
Rev. William W. Scudder, D. D.. hater 1852 1873 
1884 1895* 
Mrs. Elizabeth O. (Knight) Scudder.. 1852 1854* 
Mrs. Frances Ann (Rousseau) Scudder 1858 ~ 1895 
Miss Harriet Scudder. SPaurabaet ios caters 1854 1856 
Rev. Joseph Scudder.. ve 1853 1860* 
Mrs. Sarah A. (onompberlain). endaer 1853 1860* 
Reve Jared We scudder, Me D:D: BD: 1855 
Mrs. Julia C. (Goodwin) Scudder..... 1855 
Rev. Ezekiel C. Scudder, M. D., D. D. 1855 1876* 
Wine. Seyeeyar 15% (4bieeKonidy SkebKel6leNe, 5 a5 55 on 1855 1876* 
WITS Se OMISAm > CU CG Clam cere nroiiecis selects 1855 1861 
IVeVem OSSD Mal yO Usemteeimetsiecreacsiele cies 1858 1870 
Mrs. Margaret (Shultz) Mayou........ 1858 1870 
Rev. Jacob Chamberlain, M. D., D. D. 1859 
Mrs. Charlotte C. (Birge) Chamberlain 1859 
Reve ollas Oo. ‘Scudder. Me Disc... -..: 1860 1874* 
Mrs. Marianne (Conover) Scudder.... 1860 1874 
leyeiy, diOlaba SobKekelese, Ii, IDs, IDS WWrhacoor 1861 1900* 
Mrs. Sophia (Weld) Scudder........... 1861 
Miss Martha T. Mandeville............ 1869 1881 
NMAISSHOSep hile: © lap iitaceccceistenekarc rele cielete 1869 1874 
Rev. Enne J. Heeren. 536 eae 1872 USS 


Mrs. Aleida M. OTE cere. 1872 aS ilies 


58 THE ArcoT MIssIONn. 


exon, diglata isl, WAKO one, IDS IR oooc5an0ce 1874 1886 
1892 
Mrs. Emmeline J. L. (Bonney) 
WV. CKOTE Siem cttaca vcore nc tettenats 1876 1886* 
Mrs. Gertrude E. (Chandler) Wyckoff 1892 
Henry Martyn Scudder, Jr., M. D..... 1876 1882* 
Mirsan Bessie eviews ClUC Geter eres 1876 1882* 
MET SSmOna as Ooms CU Cle pepersttetetrctteterctelcrare 1879 
teva ONT Wie Con kal liieeeriernceteteieretsin 1881 1891 
Mrs. Elizabeth J. (Lindsley) Conklin.. 1881 1891 
Rev. Lambertus Hekhuis, M. D....... 1881 1888* 
Reva Ezekiel SCud dermJise ceases 1882 1901 
Mrs. Minnie EH. (Pitcher) Scudder..... 1882 1883* 
Mrs. Mabel (Jones) Scudder........... 1889 1901 
MBI, AWE, JES, ISKGUKCIGKS Oc. awn a oco choos boau0ds 1884 
Reve Wim ls Chamberlain he Dia. 1887 
Mrs. Mary EH. (Anable) Chamberlain... 1891 
leveni, Ibe May 1e¢; Sxewielekere, IME, IDkooocconoe 1888 
Mrs. Ethel T. (Fisher) Scudder........ 1888 
Rey, ewis) Bs Chamberlaingennsseeree 1891 
Mrs. Julia (Anable) Chamberlain..... 1897 
MiISSEIMIZ 71 CR ViOnmS ere en ermetncier stirrer 1893 1901 
lagen, dienes: JN, IBSEN ooasaonoadno sods 1893 
Mrs. Margaret (Dall) Beattie.......... 1893 
IMEISS, Ibo ise, Jal, Jeleage, Wi, IDesnecosaneos 1895 
Reva ElenryaeEbuiZin Sayers seinen 1896 1899 
WHEE Sicela Ny IShbeANARS. 4 coo ancaoneduc 1896 1899 
Revearelenryr le SCuUdderemee ent citete 1890 1894 
1897 
Mrs. Margaret (Booraem) Scudder.... 1897 
ANVOUNG Waa lel UNEW ARR Ao ono aato od dao Ke 1897 
Mrs Bilizabeth™ Wee Marrareaeeereeeeiress 1897 
EUG Views Via LUC Eb nS CUCCIC Tartine tierce 1899 
Mrs. Ellen (Bartholomew) Scudder.... 1899 
MOIS) IWEY Sy, Sowiekokere, MI, Moo csovecousoanc 1890 1894 
1899 
Miss#Annieot as rancockeerrenirce eit 1899 


* Deceased. 


. 


Fo eadie) 


Pees 


Se es 


es SLES 


